The communication of nuclear spins is not limited to nuclei of the same ‘type’. Atoms that have a nuclear spin (i.e., I ≠ 0) are affected by the same phenomena that cause protons to communicate and ultimately split each other’s NMR signal.
If you’re concerned that heteronuclear J-coupling is much more complicated than homonuclear J-coupling you can relax – well, you can mostly relax! Once you’ve worked out solving and assigning homonuclear splitting patterns – you have a pretty good handle on the situation!
The first step is to think about the types of coupling that are possible given a molecular structure (i.e., what nuclei are present, if they are NMR active, and what is the natural abundance of the NMR active isotope). There are three cases:
1) I = ½ and natural abundance of the NMR active isotope is ~100% e.g., 1H, 19F, 31P, 89Y, 103Rh).
2) I = ½ but the natural abundance of the NMR active isotope is < 100% ( e.g., 13C, 117/119Sn)
3) I ≠ 0 or ½.
For the sake of this discussion I’m going to omit the last case and focus on I = ½ nuclei.
Case 1: You already have homonuclear splitting down? EASY!
These spectra can be solved in the same manner as you would with homonuclear couplings. The ‘n + 1’ and Pascal’s triangle rules still apply.
Case 2: This is probably easiest to conceptualize by highlighting a specific example, so for sake of simplicity we look at a basic hydrocarbon: iso-propanol ((CH3)2CH(OH)). The proton NMR will have three signals: (i) –OH; (ii) –CH; and (iii) –CH3 (as the methyl groups are equivalent). This data would be reported as:
1H NMR (60.16 MHz, 10% (v/v), D2O): δ = 4.71 (bs, 1H, OH), 4.00 (septet,3JH-H = 6.2 Hz, 1H, CH), 1.15 (d, 3JH-H = 6.2 Hz, 6H, CH3) ppm.