At room temperature it is seen that both spin states are almost evenly occupied. However, since a lower energy state is indeed more favourable, there are slightly more nuclei in the +½ state, resulting in a net magnetization in the direction of the external magnetic field.[2]
The crux of the NMR experiment is the excitation of the 1H nuclei into a higher energy state. This is performed by supplying energy, in the form of a radiofrequency (RF) pulse, that is absorbed by the 1H nuclei. This RF pulse will knock the bulk of the magnetization of the sample from the z-axis (in this frame of reference the z-axis is in the direction of the external magnetic field) into the xy-plane where an NMR signal can be detected.
After excitation by the RF pulse, the excited nuclei will start to relax back to its ground state. Unlike other spectroscopic methods, the excess energy will not be released in the form of a photon. Instead, the nuclei release their energy to neighbouring atoms via collisions, rotations and electromagnetic interactions. [3]
There are 2 major types of relaxation processes in the NMR experiment, spin-lattice relaxation, also known as T1 (relaxation in the z-axis), and spin-spin relaxation or T2 (relaxation in the xy-axis). For this blog post I will focus solely on T1 relaxation times.